[[webflux-view]]
= View Technologies
[.small]#<<web.adoc#mvc-view,Same in Spring MVC>>#

The use of view technologies in Spring WebFlux is pluggable, whether you decide to
use Thymeleaf, FreeMarker, or other, is primarily a matter of a configuration change.
This chapter covers view technologies integrated with Spring WebFlux. We assume you are
already familiar with <<webflux-viewresolution>>.




[[webflux-view-thymeleaf]]
== Thymeleaf
[.small]#<<web.adoc#mvc-view-thymeleaf,Same in Spring MVC>>#

Thymeleaf is modern server-side Java template engine that emphasizes natural HTML
templates that can be previewed in a browser by double-clicking, which is very
helpful for independent work on UI templates, e.g. by designer, without the need for a
running server. Thymeleaf offers an extensive set of features and it is actively developed
and maintained. For a more complete introduction see the
https://www.thymeleaf.org/[Thymeleaf] project home page.

The Thymeleaf integration with Spring WebFlux is managed by the Thymeleaf project. The
configuration involves a few bean declarations such as
`SpringResourceTemplateResolver`, `SpringWebFluxTemplateEngine`, and
`ThymeleafReactiveViewResolver`. For more details see
https://www.thymeleaf.org/documentation.html[Thymeleaf+Spring] and the WebFlux integration
http://forum.thymeleaf.org/Thymeleaf-3-0-8-JUST-PUBLISHED-td4030687.html[announcement].




[[webflux-view-freemarker]]
== FreeMarker
[.small]#<<web.adoc#mvc-view-freemarker,Same in Spring MVC>>#

https://freemarker.apache.org/[Apache FreeMarker] is a template engine for generating any
kind of text output from HTML to email, and others. The Spring Framework has a built-in
integration for using Spring WebFlux with FreeMarker templates.



[[webflux-view-freemarker-contextconfig]]
=== View config
[.small]#<<web.adoc#mvc-view-freemarker-contextconfig,Same in Spring MVC>>#

To configure FreeMarker as a view technology:

[source,java,indent=0]
[subs="verbatim,quotes"]
----
	@Configuration
	@EnableWebFlux
	public class WebConfig implements WebFluxConfigurer {

		@Override
		public void configureViewResolvers(ViewResolverRegistry registry) {
			registry.freemarker();
		}

		// Configure FreeMarker...

		@Bean
		public FreeMarkerConfigurer freeMarkerConfigurer() {
			FreeMarkerConfigurer configurer = new FreeMarkerConfigurer();
			configurer.setTemplateLoaderPath("classpath:/templates");
			return configurer;
		}
	}
----

Your templates need to be stored in the directory specified by the `FreeMarkerConfigurer`
shown above. Given the above configuration if your controller returns the view name
"welcome" then the resolver will look for the
`classpath:/templates/freemarker/welcome.ftl` template.



[[webflux-views-freemarker]]
=== FreeMarker config
[.small]#<<web.adoc#mvc-views-freemarker,Same in Spring MVC>>#

FreeMarker 'Settings' and 'SharedVariables' can be passed directly to the FreeMarker
`Configuration` object managed by Spring by setting the appropriate bean properties on
the `FreeMarkerConfigurer` bean. The `freemarkerSettings` property requires a
`java.util.Properties` object and the `freemarkerVariables` property requires a
`java.util.Map`.

[source,java,indent=0]
[subs="verbatim,quotes"]
----
	@Configuration
	@EnableWebFlux
	public class WebConfig implements WebFluxConfigurer {

		// ...

		@Bean
		public FreeMarkerConfigurer freeMarkerConfigurer() {
			Map<String, Object> variables = new HashMap<>();
			variables.put("xml_escape", new XmlEscape());

			FreeMarkerConfigurer configurer = new FreeMarkerConfigurer();
			configurer.setTemplateLoaderPath("classpath:/templates");
			configurer.setFreemarkerVariables(variables);
			return configurer;
		}
	}
----

See the FreeMarker documentation for details of settings and variables as they apply to
the `Configuration` object.




[[webflux-view-script]]
== Script Views
[.small]#<<web.adoc#mvc-view-script,Same in Spring MVC>>#

The Spring Framework has a built-in integration for using Spring WebFlux with any
templating library that can run on top of the
https://www.jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=223[JSR-223] Java scripting engine. Below is a list
of templating libraries we've tested on different script engines:

[horizontal]
https://handlebarsjs.com/[Handlebars] :: https://openjdk.java.net/projects/nashorn/[Nashorn]
https://mustache.github.io/[Mustache] :: https://openjdk.java.net/projects/nashorn/[Nashorn]
https://facebook.github.io/react/[React] :: https://openjdk.java.net/projects/nashorn/[Nashorn]
https://www.embeddedjs.com/[EJS] :: https://openjdk.java.net/projects/nashorn/[Nashorn]
https://www.stuartellis.name/articles/erb/[ERB] :: https://www.jruby.org[JRuby]
https://docs.python.org/2/library/string.html#template-strings[String templates] :: https://www.jython.org/[Jython]
https://github.com/sdeleuze/kotlin-script-templating[Kotlin Script templating] :: https://kotlinlang.org/[Kotlin]

[TIP]
====
The basic rule for integrating any other script engine is that it must implement the
`ScriptEngine` and `Invocable` interfaces.
====



[[webflux-view-script-dependencies]]
=== Requirements
[.small]#<<web.adoc#mvc-view-script-dependencies,Same in Spring MVC>>#

You need to have the script engine on your classpath:

* https://openjdk.java.net/projects/nashorn/[Nashorn] JavaScript engine is provided with
Java 8+. Using the latest update release available is highly recommended.
* https://www.jruby.org[JRuby] should be added as a dependency for Ruby support.
* https://www.jython.org[Jython] should be added as a dependency for Python support.
* `org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-script-util` dependency and a `META-INF/services/javax.script.ScriptEngineFactory`
 file containing a `org.jetbrains.kotlin.script.jsr223.KotlinJsr223JvmLocalScriptEngineFactory`
 line should be added for Kotlin script support, see
 https://github.com/sdeleuze/kotlin-script-templating[this example] for more details.

You need to have the script templating library. One way to do that for Javascript is
through https://www.webjars.org/[WebJars].



[[webflux-view-script-integrate]]
=== Script templates
[.small]#<<web.adoc#mvc-view-script-integrate,Same in Spring MVC>>#

Declare a `ScriptTemplateConfigurer` bean in order to specify the script engine to use,
the script files to load, what function to call to render templates, and so on.
Below is an example with Mustache templates and the Nashorn JavaScript engine:

[source,java,indent=0]
[subs="verbatim,quotes"]
----
	@Configuration
	@EnableWebFlux
	public class WebConfig implements WebFluxConfigurer {

		@Override
		public void configureViewResolvers(ViewResolverRegistry registry) {
			registry.scriptTemplate();
		}

		@Bean
		public ScriptTemplateConfigurer configurer() {
			ScriptTemplateConfigurer configurer = new ScriptTemplateConfigurer();
			configurer.setEngineName("nashorn");
			configurer.setScripts("mustache.js");
			configurer.setRenderObject("Mustache");
			configurer.setRenderFunction("render");
			return configurer;
		}
	}
----

The render function is called with the following parameters:

* `String template`: the template content
* `Map model`: the view model
* `RenderingContext renderingContext`: the
  {api-spring-framework}/web/servlet/view/script/RenderingContext.html[RenderingContext]
  that gives access to the application context, the locale, the template loader and the
  url (since 5.0)

`Mustache.render()` is natively compatible with this signature, so you can call it directly.

If your templating technology requires some customization, you may provide a script that
implements a custom render function. For example, https://handlebarsjs.com[Handlerbars]
needs to compile templates before using them, and requires a
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyfill[polyfill] in order to emulate some
browser facilities not available in the server-side script engine.

[source,java,indent=0]
[subs="verbatim,quotes"]
----
	@Configuration
	@EnableWebMvc
	public class WebConfig implements WebFluxConfigurer {

		@Override
		public void configureViewResolvers(ViewResolverRegistry registry) {
			registry.scriptTemplate();
		}

		@Bean
		public ScriptTemplateConfigurer configurer() {
			ScriptTemplateConfigurer configurer = new ScriptTemplateConfigurer();
			configurer.setEngineName("nashorn");
			configurer.setScripts("polyfill.js", "handlebars.js", "render.js");
			configurer.setRenderFunction("render");
			configurer.setSharedEngine(false);
			return configurer;
		}
	}
----

[NOTE]
====
Setting the `sharedEngine` property to `false` is required when using non thread-safe
script engines with templating libraries not designed for concurrency, like Handlebars or
React running on Nashorn for example. In that case, Java 8u60 or greater is required due
to https://bugs.openjdk.java.net/browse/JDK-8076099[this bug].
====

`polyfill.js` only defines the `window` object needed by Handlebars to run properly:

[source,javascript,indent=0]
[subs="verbatim,quotes"]
----
	var window = {};
----

This basic `render.js` implementation compiles the template before using it. A production
ready implementation should also store and reused cached templates / pre-compiled templates.
This can be done on the script side, as well as any customization you need (managing
template engine configuration for example).

[source,javascript,indent=0]
[subs="verbatim,quotes"]
----
	function render(template, model) {
		var compiledTemplate = Handlebars.compile(template);
		return compiledTemplate(model);
	}
----

Check out the Spring Framework unit tests,
https://github.com/spring-projects/spring-framework/tree/master/spring-webflux/src/test/java/org/springframework/web/reactive/result/view/script[java], and
https://github.com/spring-projects/spring-framework/tree/master/spring-webflux/src/test/resources/org/springframework/web/reactive/result/view/script[resources],
for more configuration examples.



[[webflux-view-httpmessagewriter]]
== JSON, XML
[.small]#<<web.adoc#mvc-view-jackson,Same in Spring MVC>>#

For <<webflux-multiple-representations>> purposes it is useful to be able to alternate
between rendering a model with an HTML template or as other formats such as JSON or XML,
depending on the content type requested by the client. To support this Spring WebFlux
provides the `HttpMessageWriterView` that can be used to plug in any of the available
<<webflux-codecs>> from `spring-web` such as `Jackson2JsonEncoder`,
`Jackson2SmileEncoder`, or `Jaxb2XmlEncoder`.

Unlike other view technologies, `HttpMessageWriterView` does not require a `ViewResolver`,
but instead is <<webflux-config-view-resolvers,configured>> as a default view. You can
configure one more such default views, wrapping different ``HttpMessageWriter``'s or
``Encoder``'s. The one that matches the requested content type is used at runtime.

In most cases a model will contain multiple attributes. In order to determine which one
to serialize, `HttpMessageWriterView` can be configured with the name of the model
attribute to use render, of if the model contains only one attribute, it will be used.




